Autoantibodies against oxidized-LDL in smokers

Smoking is a major risk factor for a wide range of disorders, including cardiovascular, respiratory diseases, and cancers. Cigarette smoke generates a high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress and cellular damage (1-3). Among the ROS, aldehyds are the main compounds that are implicated in the process of tobacco-induced diseases (3).

Autoantibodies against oxidized-LDL in smokers

Smoking is associated with increased levels of Autoantibodies against oxidized-LDL

In smokers, low density lipoprotein (LDL) is more prone to oxidation due to an excessive presence of reactive ROS, leading to elevated levels of antibodies against oxidized LDL (anti-oxLDL Ab). In healthy individuals no significant differences in anti-oxLDL Ab levels have been observed between smokers and non-smokers. However, moderately elevated levels of anti-oxLDL Ab have been noted in hypercholesterolemic patients (4).

In the same patient group researchers found that foods containing olive oil and lycopene can significantly contribute to reducing LDL-induced oxidative stress (5). The authors suggest that lycopene-olive oil can be used as a supplement to reduce oxidative stress and the inflammatory process in hypercholesterolemic subjects, thereby potentially lowering the risk of atherosclerosis (5).

Function of Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to various tissues and cells in the body. It is used for essential functions like cell repair, cell membrane structure  and hormone production. where it is used fo and other lipids through the bloodstream (6).

Smoking leads to a rise of LDL cholesterol levels, which contributes to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing heart disease and the risk of stroke. Smoking promotes the oxidation of LDL particles, and ox LDL is more likely to adhere to artery walls, leading to atherosclerosis (7).

Antibodies against oxidized LDL (anti-oxLDL Ab).

Oxidized low-densitity lipoprotein (oxLDL) plays an important role in in the development of atherosclerosis. Autoantibodies against oxidatively modified LDL particles can serve as a parameter that consistently reflects the ongoing oxidation processes taking place in vivo.  Studies demonstrate increased levels of autoantibodies against oxLDL in the bloodstream of individuals with coronary artery disease (4)

Several studies reported a significant association between anti-oxLDL levels and the subsequent development of Atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular outcomes (4, 8, 9).

 Measurement of  Antibodies against oxidized LDL (anti-oxLDL Ab)

Autoantibodies targeting oxidatively modified LDL particles can be measured serum with an ELISA assay

Anti-Oxidized LDL Autoantibody ELISA (oLAB) Assay (cat. no. BI-20032)

Features

• Widely cited
• Results in 2,5 hours
• 2 controls included

 

 

Literature

1. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Formation: A Concise Review. Antioxidants (Basel). Seo YS, Park JM, Kim JH, Lee MY. 2023 Sep 7;12(9):1732. doi: 10.3390/antiox12091732. PMID: 37760035; PMCID: PMC10525535.
2. Relationships among smoking, oxidative stress, inflammation, macromolecular damage, and cancer. Caliri AW, Tommasi S, Besaratinia A. Mutat Res. 2021 Jan-Jun;787:108365. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108365. Epub 2021 Jan 11. PMID: 34083039; PMCID: PMC8287787.
3. Exocyclic DNA adducts and oxidative stress parameters: useful tools for biomonitoring exposure to aldehydes in smokers. Alamil H, Colsoul ML, Heutte N, Van Der Schueren M, Galanti L, Lechevrel M. Biomarkers. 2024 Apr 2:1-7. doi: 10.1080/1354750X.2024.2333361. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38506499.
4. Cigarette smoking potentiates endothelial dysfunction of forearm resistance vessels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Role of oxidized LDL. Heitzer T, Ylä-Herttuala S, Luoma J, Kurz S, Münzel T, Just H, Olschewski M, Drexler H. Circulation. 1996 Apr 1;93(7):1346-53. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.93.7.1346. PMID: 8641023.
5. Beneficial Effects of Olive Oil Enriched with Lycopene on the Plasma Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Profile of Hypercholesterolemic Patients. Martínez Álvarez JR, Lopez Jaen AB, Cavia-Saiz M, Muñiz P, Valls-Belles V. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Jul 20;12(7):1458. doi: 10.3390/antiox12071458. PMID: 37507996; PMCID: PMC10376681.
6. Biochemistry, Low Density Lipoprotein, Senthil K. Venugopal; McDamian Anoruo; Ishwarlal Jialal. 2024, StatPearls Publishing LLC.
7. Smoking and small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles: cross-sectional study. Urahama N, Iguchi G, Shimizu M, Fujihira K, Kobayashi S, Baba H. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008 Aug;10(8):1391-5. doi: 10.1080/14622200802238852. PMID: 18686187.
8. Oxidized LDL to autoantibodies against oxLDL ratio – The new biomarker associated with carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications in dialyzed patients. Pawlak, K., Mysliwiec, M., Pawlak, D., 2012. Atherosclerosis 224, 252–257.
9. Circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein, autoantibodies against them and homocysteine serum levels in diagnosis and estimation of severity of coronary artery disease. Faviou, E., Vourli, G., Nounopoulos, C., Zachari, A., Dionyssiou-Asteriou, A., 2005. Free Radic. Res. 39, 419–429.